Lesions must be covered with a watertight dressing. Contacts do not need to be excluded. Skip to main content. Home Public health Infectious diseases Disease information and advice Staphylococcal infections. Staphylococcal infections.
On this page. Key messages There are more than 40 species of Staphylococcus. Most staphylococcal infections are easily treated with antibiotics, although methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA is of growing concern in hospitals and the community. Notification requirement for staphylococcal infections Notification is not required. Infectious agent of staphylococcal infections There are more than 40 species of Staphylococcus.
Identification of staphylococcal infections Clinical features Staphylococcal infection presents with a variety of clinical and epidemiological patterns among the general community, newborns, hospitalised patients, menstruating women and intravenous drug users.
They may cause: urinary tract infections due to S. Diagnosis Diagnosis is confirmed by isolation of the organism from relevant specimens.
Incubation period of staphylococci The incubation period is variable and indefinite. It is most commonly 4—10 days. Public health significance and occurrence of staphylococcal infections Staphylococcal infections are frequent but are usually contained by immune mechanisms at the site of entry. Reservoir for staphylococci Human carriers are a major source of infection. Mode of transmission of staphylococci Staphylococci are most often transmitted by direct or indirect contact with a person who has a discharging wound or clinical infection of the respiratory or urinary tract, or who is colonised with the organism.
Period of communicability of staphylococcal infections Communicability exists as long as purulent lesions continue to drain, or the carrier state persists.
Susceptibility and resistance to staphylococcal infections Staphylococcal infection can affect people of any age, with or without comorbidities. Control of case Advise isolation until treatment of the infection has commenced. Control of contacts Routine contact tracing is not usually required. Control of environment Encourage handwashing, especially in the hospital setting. Outbreak measures for staphylococcal infections The department may investigate unusual clusters of staphylococcal infections in the community, particularly those associated with antibiotic-resistant strains.
This may include: investigating the source of infection, including microbiological screening of contacts advising on added infection control precautions for cases and carriers making treatment recommendations for cases and carriers. Special settings Hospital nursery workers with minor lesions, such as boils or abscesses, should not have direct contact with infants until the lesion has healed. In this topic. Infectious disease notification. On this site. Keeping food safe. Consumer information.
Staphylococcus aureus - golden staph S. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation.
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Related articles in Web of Science Google Scholar. Mupirocin belongs to monoxycarbolic acid class and it exerts antibacterial action by binding to isoleucyl t-RNA synthetase, thereby, inhibiting the protein synthesis [ ]. The antibiotic shows excellent activity against Staphylococci and most Streptococci [ ].
Clinical efficacy of mupirocin ointment in treating S. Various reports also demonstrated effectiveness of mupirocin in nasal decolonization of S. Fusidic acid is an antibiotic, which belongs to a class referred to as fusidanes. Chemically it is a tetracyclic triterpenoid [ ] and it binds to bacterial elongation factor G EF-G , which results in impaired translocation process and inhibition of protein synthesis [ ]. It has potent activity against S.
The efficacy of fusidic acid ointment in treatment of S. The drug has also been used systemically to treat invasive S. As discussed earlier, vancomycin remained the mainstay of therapy against MRSA infections in hospitalized patients for decades. Though the antibiotic was available for clinical use since , it gained prominence among clinicians only after the surge in nosocomial MRSA infections in s [ 73 , 75 ]. Numerous reports documented the clinical efficacy of vancomycin in treating various MRSA infections in hospitalized patients [ — ].
In addition, over the years, the mean MIC of vancomycin against susceptible MRSA populations has increased but within the susceptible range. This phenomenon is referred to as vancomycin MIC creep.
Optimizing the dose regimen and drug delivery, in order to achieve the desired blood plasma concentration which would give the clinical efficacy is the way forward in preserving the clinical utility of vancomycin [ 91 , 92 ]. The problem of MRSA infections in hospitals and lack of effective antibiotics other than vancomycin to treat them necessitated the discovery of novel anti-MRSA drugs.
The continued efforts of researchers in discovering novel anti-MRSA drugs fructified resulting in arrival of number of newer anti-MRSA drugs for clinical use in the last 15 years [ 78 , — ].
FDA for clinical use. Apart from chemotherapeutic approach to tackle the S. Various phytochemical are also found to have anti-MRSA activity. All these are at investigational stages and more research is necessary to bring promising candidates for clinical usage. Clinical use of agents which are not conventional antibiotics but able to inhibit the expression or function of the virulence factors, rendering the bacteria non-pathogenic is considered an alternative approach to tackle MRSA.
Stripping microorganisms of their virulence properties without threatening their existence may offer a reduced selection pressure for drug-resistant mutations. Virulence-specific therapeutics would also avoid the undesirable dramatic alterations of the host microbiota that are associated with current antibiotics [ , ].
Accessory gene regulator agr -mediated quorum sensing system of S. Scientists identified small molecules which inhibited the agr system [ — ]. Active and passive immunization strategies targeting the virulence factors of S. Plants have immune system and other defensive mechanisms against microorganisms that cause plant diseases. Hence, the plants with huge diversity provide a vast source for exploration of anti-MRSA phytochemicals.
In vitro Anti-MRSA activity of crude extracts of medicinal plants has been extensively reported [ ]. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.
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Downloaded: Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes wide range of infectious conditions both in nosocomial and community settings.
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and causative agent of wide range of infectious diseases such as skin infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia and food poisoning. Microscopic morphology S. General cultural and biochemical characteristics S. Medical laboratory diagnosis The primary objective in laboratory diagnosis is to identify whether the diagnosed S. Pathogenesis The process of S. Hospital and community infections S.
Virulence factors S. They are also involved in host immune evasion [ 13 ]. PVL belongs to group of membrane pores forming proteins. It consists of two protein components LukS-PV and LukF-PV which act together as subunits and form porins on cell membrane of host cells, leading to leakage of cell contents and cell death [ 17 ].
Chemotaxis-inhibitory protein of S. In addition to the roles of adhesion and invasion, it also has immune-modulatory activity [ 20 ]. Induces toxinosis Enterotoxins S. The Staphylococcal food poisoning is an intoxication which results from consumption of foods containing sufficient amount of preformed enterotoxins [ 21 ]. TSST-1 causes toxic shock syndrome especially in menstrual women [ 7 ].
Exfoliative toxins A and B Serine proteases which selectively recognize and hydrolyze desmosomal proteins in the skin. ETs cause staphylococca-scalded skin syndrome, a disease predominantly affecting infants [ 22 ]. Table 1. Nasal carriage S. Health care-associated and community MRSA 4. Table 2. Beta-lactam resistance 5. Penicillin resistance The first beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin G was discovered in by Alexander Fleming and the drug was used in human as chemotherapeutic agent in [ 59 ].
Methicillin resistance As discussed earlier, the penicillinase resistance in S. Quinolones resistance Nalidixic acid, the prototype quinolone and the second generation quinolones e. Vancomycin resistance Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, was discovered from a microbial source Streptomyces orientalis in Vancomycin intermediate S. Vancomycin-resistant S.
Resistance to other antibiotics Since HA-MRSA strains are often MDR phenotype, drugs such as sulphonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and clindamycin were sidelined due to lack of activity, while vancomycin remained the mainstay of therapy. Topical anti-MRSA drugs 6. Mupirocin Mupirocin is used as topical antibiotic to treat impetigo due to S.
Fusidic acid Fusidic acid is an antibiotic, which belongs to a class referred to as fusidanes. Systemic anti-MRSA drugs 6. Vancomycin As discussed earlier, vancomycin remained the mainstay of therapy against MRSA infections in hospitalized patients for decades.
Table 3. Newer anti-MRSA drugs. Anti-virulence agents Clinical use of agents which are not conventional antibiotics but able to inhibit the expression or function of the virulence factors, rendering the bacteria non-pathogenic is considered an alternative approach to tackle MRSA.
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