Where is jiaozhou

Qingdao Underwater World. Qingdao Forest Wildlife World. There are many exhibition halls and many animals, as shown in my pictures. Each exhibition hall is estimated to be about two and a half hours. It is recommended to wear soft shoes, prepare water and bring delicious things.

Qingdao Haichang Polar Ocean Park. TrisM We had an awesome time at this place. The animals and staff were fun to watch, we stayed for about 6 hours. Zhanqiao Pier. Lawrence one of the ultimate symbol of Qingdao city! Jiaozhou Haiyue Apartment Hotel.

No reviews yet. Available for Tomorrow Onwards. Available from Today. Figure 1. Study area and schematic diagram of Aurelia coerulea polyps in situ feeding experiment. A Map of Jiaozhou Bay. B Station in Jiaozhou Bay where the plastic plates carrying polyps were deployed.

The plankton nets were towed a short distance ca. The abundance of each zooplankton group A , ind m —3 was determined on a per unit volume m 3. Aurelia coerulea polyps were obtained by previously described artificial asexual reproduction methods Holst and Jarms, ; Feng et al.

Six mature females and four mature males A. Fully developed tentacle polyps were selected for the following in situ feeding experiments between August and April The water depths ranged between 5 and 6 m at the station.

Before deployment, each plastic plate carrying polyps was fixed on a roof with four open sides cm long, cm wide, cm high, Figure 1C to support the plastic plate and to reduce possible physical damage caused by movements. The A. Each month from August to April , five base plates carrying the polyps mean density was about 3 polyps cm —2 were submerged at the station and secured by ropes at a depth of 2—3 m, and the mean size of polyps was similar between different base plates.

Five new plastic plates were deployed in the next month following the above processes. All samplings for gut content analysis were conducted during the day a. The plastic plates with polyps were sampled a minimum of 15 days after deployment to ensure that polyps were adequately acclimated to the field environment. Before polyp sampling, the rooves carrying the plates were slowly pulled out pulling speed no more than 0.

A bucket cm diameter, cm high was used to take the rooves out when the rooves were about to leave the water. Polyps were divided into two parts: one part was sampled for gut content analysis, and the other part was used for the digestion experiment see below. Gut contents of polyps were analyzed monthly. A total of 50 visually undamaged polyps from one plastic plate were randomly collected for gut content analysis each month.

The selected plate carrying the polyps was cut with scissors. The sampled polyps were immediately examined under a stereo microscope Nikon Corporation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

The waters in the Petri dishes for the preservation of polyps were also checked. Each prey item was enumerated. The numbers of polyps with prey in the gut were also recorded. The mean carbon contents of copepods and copepod nauplii found in the guts of polyps were estimated by volume biomass of prey referring to the methods described by previous studies Table 1.

Then, the mean carbon contents of copepods and copepod nauplii captured by polyps were determined by methods used in the studies of Uye and Berggreen et al. Table 1. Estimation of carbon weight of different prey items copepods and copepod nauplii found in the gut of polyp. Digestion rates of copepods were measured monthly by in situ experiments.

However, it was impossible to determine how long prey had been in the gut prior to sampling. Therefore, we assumed that copepods were captured by the polyps shortly before collection. Polyps for digestion experiments were collected from 2 to 5 plates, depending on the digestion rates and sampling times during experiments in different months.

The time when the base plates were transferred to the container was considered as the initial time. Then the selected polyps were dissected under a stereo microscope and the remaining numbers of copepods in polyp guts at each sampling time were recorded.

Copepod nauplii mean carapace length: Before experiments, copepod nauplii about ind L —1 were offered as prey for polyps feeding for about 0. They were then dissected under a stereo microscope to follow the digestion process. We did not measure the digestion rate of ciliate due to the difficulty in detecting the variation in the number of ciliates in polyp gut over time by laboratory test.

The mean number of copepods and copepod nauplii found in the gut of each sampled polyp 50 polyp specimens on each sampling date was recorded as prey capture N , prey polyp —1. The prey-capture rate C of A. However, differences in the size of polyps collected on the same sampling date may affect the prey capture of polyps.

The contracted polyps were photographed with a digital camera-equipped stereo microscope to determine their body volumes Ikeda et al. One-way analysis of variance ANOVA was used to determine the differences in polyp size for gut content analysis and digestion rate on different sampling dates; normality and equal variances were checked before ANOVA analysis.

The Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between both the number of polyps with prey in gut and prey capture prey polyp —1 and zooplankton abundance ind m —3. During the study, the temperature at the sampling station ranged from 4.

Copepods formed the dominant zooplankton community in the present study area Figure 3. Abundance of total zooplankton had significant seasonal variation, which decreased from August to December and then increased from January to April , with an average abundance of Figure 2. Figure 3. A total of 50 polyps were sampled for gut content analysis each month, and the number of polyps with prey in the gut varied in different months Figure 5. Figure 4.

Boxplot of the size diversities of A. The lower whisker, lower hinge, horizontal line, upper hinge, and upper whisker show minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum size diversity, respectively.

The squares in the boxplot indicated the mean values of polyp size. Figure 5. The relationship between the number of polyps with prey in gut 50 polyps were collected on each sampling date and abundance of zooplankton ind m —3 during the study period. Copepods copepod adults and copepodites , copepod nauplii, and ciliates Tintinnids were identified in the guts of polyps in Jiaozhou Bay during the study period. The gut content analysis indicated that copepods represented the bulk of the total prey intake in number However, numbers of prey in the gut of polyps had significant seasonal variations: the number of total prey copepods, copepod nauplii, and ciliates together in the gut of polyps on each sampling data 50 polyps decreased from August to November , and then increased from December to April Figure 6.

Figure 6. Number of prey copepods, copepod nauplii, and ciliates in the gut of 50 polyps on each sampling date 50 polyps were detected on each sampling date. Sampling period ranged from August to April The mean values of prey capture N , prey polyp —1 on copepods and copepod nauplii were 0. The maximum values of N both on copepods and copepod nauplii occurred in April , with the maximum of 1. Prey capture was significantly affected by zooplankton abundance Figure 7 and Table 2. Figure 7. The relationship between prey capture prey polyp —1 and zooplankton abundance ind m —3 [total prey A , copepods B , and copepod nauplii C ] during August to April sampling period.

Table 2 shows the results of the Spearman correlation tests. Table 2. The results of Spearman correlation test for the relationship between zooplankton abundance and prey capture prey polyp —1. Thus, the size of A. Digestion of polyps was significantly affected by water temperature. Figure 8. Digestion processes of copepods A and copepod nauplii B in the gut cavity of A. Number of prey found in the gut of polyps at different points of the experiment expressed as prey polyp —1 , and the curves of different colors were the results of exponential fitting.

Time 0 means the initial time. Figure 9. The relationship between temperature and digestion time of copepods and copepod nauplii. The prey-capture rate C , prey polyp —1 d —1 in each month Table 3 was calculated directly from the mean value of prey capture prey polyp —1 and the digestion rate D , h.

Our results indicated that each A. Values of C varied in different months Figure 10A , and the maximum C -value of 7. Table 3. Prey capture N , prey polyp —1 and prey-capture rate C , prey polyp —1 d —1 of copepod and copepod nauplii on each sampling date. Figure Prey-capture rate C , prey polyp —1 d —1 of copepods and copepod nauplii A and seasonal variation in carbon weight-specific ingestion rates for A.

The carbon weight-specific ingestion rates of A. Table 4. We cultured A. Previous studies have reported that the main food of the medusa stage of Aurelia is meso-zooplankton Arai, ; for example, studies by Ishii and Tanaka and Uye and Shimauchi both found that copepods, which often dominate zooplankton biomass in eutrophic embayments, were an important food source for A.

The medusa can swim, concentrate prey around their oral parts, and excrete mucus to retain food items around their oral opening Southward, ; polyps cannot actively move toward prey, and cannot accumulate prey particles by themselves Kamiyama, The most important method of polyp predation is using their tentacles as a trap and capturing their prey with the help of nematocysts located on the tentacles Kamiyama, For scyphopolyps, as a benthic suspension-feeding predator, the success of tentacle entrapment feeding is mainly based on the prey encounter rate Kamiyama, ; Ikeda et al.

This was demonstrated by our study: the prey capture of A. A similar correlation was observed between zooplankton abundance in the surrounding environment and the number of polyps containing prey items, which indicated that an increased higher zooplankton abundance was reflected by an increase in the number of polyps containing prey Figure 5.

This relationship also was reported by Coma et al. Thus, the relatively high abundance of copepods in surrounding water However, Ikeda et al. Copepod nauplii only comprised a small part of the polyp diet in this study Figure 6.

Perhaps the relatively low prey capture of copepod nauplii was due to the low population abundance in our study area 4. For benthic suspension-feeding predators, a previous study has indicated that their prey capture may be influenced by hydrodynamic processes Tsounis et al. Therefore, normal water-flow may not be disturbed. Micro-zooplankton are also numerically important components of seawater zooplankton communities Pierce and Turner, Kamiyama showed that planktonic ciliates, a main component of micro-zooplankton, served as food items for A.

However, in the present study, ciliates were found in the guts of A. These factors may cause an underestimate of the contribution of ciliates to the diets of A. According to one previous study, the abundance of ciliates has a great seasonal variation in our study area with the value of — ind L —1 Yu et al.

However, previous studies have indicated that faster prey may encounter A. The change in the speed of the ups and downs of the tidal current causes the larger particles carried by the tidal current to deposit in the Jiaozhou Bay, and the sediment is difficult to carry out of the bay.

On the other hand, it is also related to the geographical shape of Jiaozhou Bay. Jiaozhou Bay is an intrusive water area of the Yellow Sea to the mainland. The bay mouth is narrow, and the bay is wide. As the tidal water enters the open water from the narrow bay mouth, the wave energy diverges, and the offshore sediment deposits. The human activities along the Jiaozhou Bay are mainly manifested in reclamation, land reclamation, and municipal waste dumping.

The impact of human activities has also converted most coasts of Jiaozhou Bay from the natural coasts to the artificial coasts. Reclamation mainly occurs in the western, northern, and northeastern regions. Hongdao Island and Huangdao Island were not connected to land in the past; however, they have become part of the mainland due to reclamation. A large number of dams were built to prevent the impact of waves on the salt pan and breeding ponds. These projects cause the rivers not to disperse after entering the beach ponds.

Accordingly, the sediment mainly accumulates in the sea area near the estuary, resulting in a shallow water depth. Sea reclamation is due to the rapid development of coastal factories before and after the founding of China and the reform and opening up.

Sea reclamation is arbitrarily expanding, and the coastline is constantly advancing into the sea. This chain change caused the east coast coastline and the tidal flat to rise. The accumulation of municipal waste is also an important reason for the reduction in the area of Jiaozhou Bay. Besides the above-mentioned reasons, a substantial amount of garbage is piled up due to its proximity to the urban area on the east coast.

This condition results in a shallow sea water depth and destruction of the original intertidal ecosystem. This study described the theoretical basis, implementation process, and performance of a general coastline extraction method by using an improved active contour model.

Thirdly, the coarse water areas were processed by mathematical morphology to generate the seawater area, and the general coastline was extracted. Finally, the coastline was refined to remove the impacts of mathematical morphology processing. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively extract the general coastline, which is close to the reference coastline, especially for areas of land cover changes. The changes in the length of the coastline in Jiaozhou Bay during to were analysed.

The total length of the coastline had been increasing from However, this change has a significant increase by The main reason is that Hongdao Island was integrated with the mainland because of the land reclamation.

In conclusion, the proposed method can effectively extract the general coastline from a remote sensing image, especially for human coastline. This improvement is beneficial for monitoring coastline change and marine ecological environment.

The data used to support the findings of the study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors. Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Alberto Alvarez-Gallegos.

Received 08 Jul Revised 23 Aug Accepted 06 Oct Published 31 Oct Abstract The coastline is located at the junction of the sea and the land, and it is essential for ecological environment. Introduction The coastline is located at the junction of the sea and the land. Figure 1. Flowchart of the proposed general coastline extraction method. Figure 2. Location of the study area: a Landsat 8 remote sensing image of Jiaozhou Bay. Data Satellites and sensors Spatial resolution m Table 1.

Figure 3. Landsat data schematic map of true colour data: a Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Optimisation of the general coastline: a buffer c5onstructed based on the coastline and b optimised coastline.

Figure 8. Extracted coastline and corresponding reference coastline of a , b , c , and d Table 2. Figure 9. Comparison image of coastlines in adjacent years: a and , b and , and c and and in four years. Figure References C. Kuenzer, M. Ottinger, G. Liu, B. Sun, R. Baumhauer, and S. Li and P.

Wu, Z. Li, K. Clarke et al. Maglione, C. Parente, and A. Dai, I. Howat, E. Larour, and E. Liu, F. Li, N. Li, R. Wang, and H. Mason and I. Liu, R. Jia, Q. Liu, C. Zhao, and H. Cheng, G. Meng, G. Cheng, and C. Silveira and S. Chan and L. Zhu, Y. Tang, J. Hu, and M. Caselles, R.