The fact that wars give rise to intensive propaganda campaigns has made many persons suppose that propaganda is something new and modern. The word itself came into common use in this country as late as , when World War I began. The truth is, however, that propaganda is not new and modern.
In the ancient Asiatic civilization preceding the rise of Athens as a great center of human culture, the masses of the people lived under despotisms and there were no channels or methods for them to use in formulating or making known their feelings and wishes as a group. In Athens, however, the Greeks who made up the citizen class were conscious of their interests as a group and were well informed on the problems and affairs of the city-state to which they belonged.
Differences on religious and political matters gave rise to propaganda and counterpropaganda. The strong-minded Athenians, though lacking such tools as the newspaper, the radio, and the movies, could use other powerful engines of propaganda to mold attitudes and opinions.
The Greeks had games, the theater, the assembly, the law courts, and religious festivals, and these gave opportunity for propagandizing ideas and beliefs. The Greek playwrights made use of the drama for their political, social, and moral teachings. Another effective instrument for putting forward points of view was oratory, in which the Greeks excelled. And though there were no printing presses, handwritten books were circulated in the Greek world in efforts to shape and control the opinions of men.
From that time forward, whenever any society had common knowledge and a sense of common interests, it made use of propaganda. And as early as the sixteenth century nations used methods that were somewhat like those of modern propaganda. He was angry about a Spanish report of a sea battle near the Azores between the British ship Revenge and the ships of the Spanish king. Make a few changes in them, here and there, and they sound like a bulletin from the Japanese propaganda office.
This was a commission of cardinals charged with spreading the faith and regulating church affairs in heathen lands. Religious activities which were associated with propaganda commanded the respectful attention of mankind.
It was in later times that the word came to have a selfish, dishonest, or subversive association. Throughout the Middle Ages and in the later historic periods down to modern times, there has been propaganda. As the show-business capital of the world, Hollywood is home to many famous television and movie studios and record companies. In , year-old Naomi Parker was working in a machine shop at the Naval Air Station in Alameda, California, when a photographer snapped a shot of her on the job.
The Japanese intended for the show to serve as morale-sapping propaganda, President Woodrow Wilson purchased the animals in as part of a scheme to cut down on maintenance During World War I, a severe food crisis emerged in Europe as agricultural workers were recruited into military service and farms were transformed into battlefields.
As a result, the burden of feeding millions of starving people fell to the United States. It appears that the revelations about the propaganda produced a large anti-propaganda backlash in the s and s. They produced educational materials concerning the analysis of propaganda, including seven common devices used in propaganda. Their work was sometimes described as generating a widespread cynicism instead of rational analysis.
The IPA was likely a part of the anti-propaganda backlash. Joseph Goebbels Nazi Propaganda Minister Goebbels was an acknowledged master of the art. This is not to say that the U. S, Britain and their allies did not use propaganda; they did, and quite effectively. After WWI, Hitler himself studied Allied propaganda and described it as brilliant, well-executed and effective.
Hitler and Goebbels together were an unsurpassed pair of propagandists. Tape recording had been invented. Sound movies were well-established, also radio broadcasting. The book by Howe describes a clandestine broadcasting operation in England that was aimed at German morale.
It sounded like a loyal German complaining about corruption in the Nazi party organization, etc. Modern, more respectable, incarnations of propaganda include advertising, public relations, and election campaigns these are respectable?
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